Allergies

What is an allergic reaction?

An allergic reaction is the body's response to an allergen. When a person with an allergy comes into contact with an allergen, their immune system views it as a threat and releases chemicals into the bloodstream to fight it off. Symptoms can range from mild to severe and may include:

• Sneezing and runny nose
• Itchy eyes, mouth, and throat
• Rash or hives
• Swelling of the face, lips, or tongue
• Stomach cramps, diarrhea, or vomiting
• Chest tightness or difficulty breathing
• Dizziness or fainting

In severe cases, an allergic reaction can cause anaphylaxis, a life-threatening emergency that requires immediate medical attention. Symptoms of anaphylaxis may include difficulty breathing, swelling of the throat, a rapid or weak pulse, and loss of consciousness. If you suspect someone is experiencing anaphylaxis, call 911 or seek emergency medical help immediately.

Allergies can affect people of all ages, but they are more common in children and tend to run in families. About 20% of people are estimated to have some type of allergy, triggered by substances such as pollen, mold, dust, pet dander, food, and certain medications.

What are the most common allergies?

The most common allergies — known as allergic rhinitis, or hay fever — are caused by substances found in the air, such as pollen, mold, and pet dander. Other common allergies include:

• Food allergies: a reaction to certain foods, such as peanuts, tree nuts, milk, eggs, wheat, soy, fish, and shellfish.
• Insect sting allergies: a reaction to the venom in insect stings, such as bee or wasp stings.
• Drug allergies: a reaction to certain medications, such as penicillin or aspirin.
• Skin allergies: a reaction from skin contact with a substance such as poison ivy or certain cosmetics.

Allergies vary widely from person to person — some people react to only one or two substances, while others are allergic to many different things.

Are allergies contagious?

No. You cannot "catch" an allergy from someone else. Allergies are a type of immune system disorder caused by a person's immune system reacting to certain allergens that are normally harmless. They tend to run in families, so a family history makes you more likely to develop them, but allergies cannot be transmitted from person to person.

How are allergies diagnosed?

Allergies are typically diagnosed through a combination of medical history, physical examination, and allergy testing. Your healthcare provider will ask about your symptoms and any potential exposures, then examine your skin, nose, and throat for signs such as rashes or swelling.

• Skin tests are the most common type — a small amount of the suspected allergen is placed on the skin, which is then pricked or scratched. A raised, red "wheal" indicates an allergy.
• Blood tests check for antibodies to the suspected allergen; higher antibody levels indicate an allergy.

Allergy testing is not always accurate, and false-positive or false-negative results are possible — always discuss results with a healthcare provider.

What is the best treatment for allergies?

The best treatment depends on the specific allergies you have and the severity of your symptoms. The goal is to reduce symptoms and improve quality of life. Common treatments include:

• Avoidance: if you know what you're allergic to, avoiding exposure is one of the best ways to manage symptoms.
• Medications: antihistamines, decongestants, and nasal sprays can reduce sneezing, itchy eyes, and congestion.
• Allergen immunotherapy (allergy shots): a long-term treatment where regular injections of small allergen amounts gradually reduce sensitivity.
• Alternative therapies: some people find relief with acupuncture, herbal remedies, or hypnotherapy — talk to a healthcare provider first, as these aren't appropriate for everyone.

You can always visit our pharmacist to determine the best treatment plan for your allergies. In some cases, a combination of treatments may be necessary to manage symptoms effectively.

How can I prevent allergies?

There is no sure way to prevent allergies, but these steps can reduce your risk or minimize symptoms:

• Avoid known allergens: keep windows closed and use air conditioning for pollen; read food labels carefully.
• Use an air purifier to filter allergens from the air in your home.
• Keep your home clean: use a vacuum with a HEPA filter, and wash bedding in hot water.
• Use allergy-proof bedding, such as mattress and pillow covers.
• Consider allergy shots to reduce severity over time.

What is the difference between a cold and allergies?